Long Dark Gaps in the Ly β Forest at z < 6: Evidence of Ultra-late Reionization from XQR-30 Spectra

Grants

Funding Acknowledgements

Y.Z., G.D.B., and H.M.C. were supported by the National Science Foundation through grants AST-1615814 and AST-1751404. H.M.C. was also supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant No. DGE-1326120. S.E.I.B. and F. Walter acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 740246 "Cosmic Gas"). L.C.K. was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 885990. M.B. acknowledges support from PRIN MIUR project "Black Hole Winds and the Baryon Life Cycle of Galaxies: The Stone-guest at the Galaxy Evolution Supper," contract No. 2017PH3WAT. F.B. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council through Discovery Projects (award DP190100252) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) through a China-Chile Joint Research Fund (CCJRF1809) administered by the CAS South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA). H.C. thanks the support by NASA through the NASA FINESST grant NNH19ZDA005K. A.-C.E. acknowledges support by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant No. HF2-51434 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. X.F. and J.Y. acknowledge support from the NSF grants AST 115-15115 and AST 19-08284. M.G.H. acknowledges support from the UKRI STFC (grant Nos. ST/N000927/1 and ST/S000623/1). G.K.'s research is partly supported by the Max Planck Society via a partner group grant. A.P. acknowledges support from the ERC Advanced Grant INTERSTELLAR H2020/740120. Parts of this work were supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), through project No. CE170100013. F. Wang thanks the support provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant No. HST-HF2-51448.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programmes 060.A-9024(A), 084.A-0360(A), 084.A-0390(A), 084.A-0550(A), 085.A-0299(A), 086.A-0162(A), 086.A-0574(A), 087.A-0607(A), 088.A-0897 (A), 091.C-0934(B), 096.A-0095(A), 096.A-0418(A), 097.B-1070(A), 098.A-0111(A), 098.B-0537(A), 0100.A-0243(A), 0100.A-0625(A), 0101.B-0272(A), 0102.A-0154(A), 0102.A-0478(A), 1103.A-0817(A), and 1103.A-0817(B). Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. Finally, this research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This work was performed using the Cambridge Service for Data Driven Discovery (CSD3), part of which is operated by the University of Cambridge Research Computing on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk).The DiRAC component of CSD3 was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/P002307/1 and ST/R002452/1 and STFC operations grant ST/R00689X/1. This work further used the DiRAC@Durham facility managed by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility. The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/P002293/1 and ST/R002371/1, Durham University, and STFC operations grant ST/R000832/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure.